La automedicación con anticonceptivos orales e inyectables en mujeres en edad fértil: resultados de un plan piloto / Self-medication with oral and injectable contraceptives in women of childbearing age: results of a pilot plan

La automedicación consiste en la selección y el uso de los medicamentos por parte de las personas, sin la participación del médico ni su prescripción, en este sentido es considerada como un fenómeno constante que se produce como consecuencia de necesidades y problemas de múltiples causas, sobre todo de índole económica. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza una investigación de campo, de corte transversal, tipo descriptiva. Se utilizó una prueba piloto para establecer la validez, pertinencia y coherencia para determinar el grado de confiabilidad del instrumento cuantitativo diseñado el cual fue validado por juicio de expertos. Se encuestó a 20 mujeres auto medicadas con anticonceptivo oral e inyectable, seleccionado de forma aleatoria. Resultados: en cuanto a la validación del instrumento se obtiene una puntuación de 99.4de validez, 99.2 de pertinencia y 99.4 de coherencia, en su totalidad de 298 dándonos como resultado final de 99.3 % de confiabilidad. Conclusión: el instrumento ha sido aprobado por su confiabilidad y validez, quedando apto para ser aplicados a la muestra que representa esta investigación(AU)

La automedicación consiste en la selección y el uso de los medicamentos por parte de las personas, sin la participación del médico ni su prescripción, en este sentido es considerado como un fenómeno constante que se produce como consecuencia de necesidades y problemas de múltiples causas, sobre todo de índole económica. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza una investigación de campo, de corte transversal, tipo descriptiva. Se obtuvo una prueba piloto para establecer la validez, pertinencia y coherencia para determinar el grado de confiabilidad del instrumento diseñado cuantitativamente el cual fue validado por juicio de expertos. Se encontró a 20 mujeres automedicadas con anticonceptivo oral e inyectable, seleccionadas de forma aleatoria. Resultados: en cuanto a la validación del instrumento se obtiene una puntuación de 99.4 de validez, 99.2 de pertinencia y 99.4 de coherencia, en su totalidad de 298 dándonos como resultado final de 99.3 % de confiabilidad. Conclusión: el instrumento ha sido aprobado por su confiabilidad y validez, quedando apto para ser aplicado a la muestra que representa esta investigación(AU)

Socio-cultural factors influencing the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors among young homosexual/bisexual men / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To investigate the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors among young gay men/bisexual men, and analyze the socio-cultural factors influencing the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on risk sexual behaviors for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with an anonymous questionnaire among 824 young homosexual/bisexual men in Guiyang City, Zunyi City, Anshun City and Tongren City of Guizhou Province in 2016. Respondents were selected by a classified snowball sampling method combined with an interview at AIDS voluntary consultation and testing clinics. Results About 7.8%(95% CI：5.9%-9.6%)of respondents reported the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors in the last year. The report rate was 13.0% for homosexual men, higher than 5.7% for bisexual men (P＜0.001). The influencing factors of the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors were average monthly income (OR=6.54, P=0.005), age (OR=3.59, P=0.011), age of liking the same-sex (OR=2.85, P=0.004), marital status (OR=2.62, P=0.005), household registration (OR=2.38, P=0.011), increased risk of oral sex (OR=0.42, P=0.019), possibility of HIV infection (P＜0.005), and the dusckisure of sexual orientation (OR=0.17, P=0.001). Conclusions Young homosexual/bisexual men, especially bisexual men, had a higher report rate of the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors. The socio-cultural factors influencing the buying commercial homosexual sex behaviors included age of liking the same-sex, increased risk of oral sex, possibility of HIV infection, and the disclosure of sexual orientation.

Dimensiones culturales sobre el Dengue en profesionales de la salud de México y Colombia / Cultural dimensions concerning healthcare workers in México and Colombia having dengue

Objetivo Comprender las dimensiones culturales del dengue en profesionales de la salud de México y Colombia. A fin de generar elementos para la formación y actualización de los éstos en la prevención y atención de dicha enfermedad. Método Estudio antropológico cognitivo. Realizado en las ciudades de Morelia, México y Santiago de Cali, Colombia. Participaron un total de 197 profesionales de salud seleccionados por muestreo propositivo. Se utilizaron las técnicas de listados libres y el sorteo de montones. Se indagaron términos asociados al concepto dengue y grupos de dimensiones conceptuales. Resultados Las concepciones culturales del dengue en los participantes de México hicieron énfasis en la prevención. Los de Colombia mostraron un lenguaje biomédico y su interés se centró en la sintomatología. En general se mostró una visión integral del dengue que incluye la visión médica y aspectos sociales interrelacionados. Conclusiones Los profesionales de la salud requieren de mayor formación en torno al tema del dengue y su prevención.

Objective Understanding cultural dimensions concerning Mexican and Colombian healthcare workers suffering from dengue to produce information and elements for healthcare and prevention. Method This was a cognitive anthropological study. Purposive sampling was used to select 197 healthcare workers in Morelia, Mexico, and Santiago de Cali, Colombia; free associations lists and pile sorting were used. Terms associated with the concept of dengue and conceptual dimension groups were investigated. Results Participants cultural conceptions regarding dengue in Mexico emphasised prevention, whilst those in Colombia concentrated on biomedical language and symptoms. Overall, a holistic vision was shown which included a medical vision and related social aspects. Conclusions Health professionals require more information about dengue and its prevention.

Imagen corporal y trastornos de la conducta alimentaria / Body image and eating disorders

Objetivo Evaluar la asociación de la edad y el peso corporal con la interiorización del ideal de delgadez, la insatisfacción corporal y los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria entre mujeres adolescentes, jóvenes y adultas. Material y Métodos Participaron 145 mujeres de entre 12 y 46 años, quienes contestaron cuatro instrumentos de autoreporte para evaluar: síntomas de anorexia nerviosa, síntomas de bulimia nerviosa, interiorización del ideal corporal de delgadez e insatisfacción corporal; además fue registrado su peso y estatura para calcular el índice de masa corporal. Para analizar los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva e inferencial, específicamente correlación de Spearman y prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados Una mayor edad se asoció con incremento en la interiorización de ideal de delgadez y en la insatisfacción corporal, pero no así en cuanto a los síntomas de trastorno de la conducta alimentaria, los cuales no mostraron correlación con la edad. La comparación entre los grupos no sólo confirmó que las mujeres adultas reportaron mayor insatisfacción e interiorización, sino que sus actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas fueron prácticamente equiparables a las presentes en las adolescentes. Conclusiones Los resultados de este estudio sustentan la necesidad de profundizar en el conocimiento de las actitudes y conductas alimentarias anómalas en las mujeres adultas, debido a que es en esta etapa de la vida cuando la recurrencia en la realización de métodos extremos para el control del peso corporal, puede significar un mayor riesgo sobre el estado de salud.

Objective Assessing the association of age and weight with internalisation of the ideal of being thin, bodily dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms amongst three groups of females: teenage, young and adult women. Material and Methods 145 females participated, ranging in age from 12 to 46, who answered four self-reporting questionnaires aimed at measuring symptoms of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, the ideal of being thin and bodily dissatisfaction. The participants’ weight and height were also recorded for calculating their body mass index. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics, specifically Spearman correlation and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results Being an older woman was associated with high internalisation of ideally being thin and bodily dissatisfaction; however, it was not correlated with eating disorder symptoms. Comparisons between groups showed that adult females were more dissatisfied with their bodies and their attitudes towards being thin; however, their attitudes and behaviour concerning abnormal eating were just as inappropriate as that amongst teenagers. Conclusions These findings show the need for research into attitudes towards eating amongst adult women because they use extreme methods for controlling weight which may result in higher health risks.

The Introduction of Knowledge Management Technique in Aviation Safety Management

The causes of aviation accidents are not simple. Human error could possibly be caused by outside factors such as an environmental factor, laws and regulations, organizational, and national culture. An approach to an organizational factor on safety management and aircraft accident investigation is indispensable to improve aviation safety. Data collection from diversified sources is very important. Therefore, safety management focuses on safety inspections within the organization, and understanding the organization and employees' culture. Data from people who work in the aviation field must be merged with information technology to produce information and knowledge. Decision and policy making must be executed using knowledge-based aviation information. Policy makers must make it a priority to create an infrastructure for collecting data, transforming the data to information and the using information knowledge in amending aviation acts and regulations. The system that uses the infrastructure is composed of data collection from multi-channel, analysis and feedback to understand different culture organization-to-organization and country-to-country factors. Policy must be established and be enforced using this system to make it function positively. This study is a fundamental research to enhance aviation safety and to improve Korea's aviation acts and regulations.

Factors Associated with the Degree of Quality Improvement Implementation / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To assess the degree of quality improvement (QI) implementation and to identify its associated factors. METHODS: A mailed questionnaire survey of the QI staffs at hospitals with 400 beds or more was conducted between September 15 and October 30, 2000. Of the 108 hospitals eligible for inclusion in our study, 79 participated, yielding a response rate of 73.1%. After excluding 12 hospitals that did not perform any QI activities, 117 responses from 67 hospitals were used in our analysis. The degree of QI implementation was measured using the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Criteria (MBNQAC). Factors evaluated for association with the degree of QI implementation were cultural, technical, strategic, and structural factors of the hospitals. RESULTS: The average QI implementation score across the 7 dimensions of MBNQAC was 3.34 on a 5-point scale, with the highest score for the area of customer satisfaction (3.88) followed by information and analysis (3.59) and quality management (3.35). The results of regression analysis showed that hospitals with a etter information system (p<0.05) and using scientific and systematic problem solving approach (p<0.01) tended to perform a higher degree of QI implementation. While statistically insignificant, positive associations were observed for the factors of group or developmental culture, the degree of employee empowerment, and the use of prospective strategy. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the most important factors contributing to active implementation of QI in Korean hospitals were the use of scientific skills in decision making, and having a quality information system to produce precise and valid information.